Coccidiosis induces huge economic losses to poultry production. Its control through anticoccidial live vaccines and drugs has been very successful with some limitations because of the cost of production of live vaccines, drug resistance, and residues representing public health concerns. Consequently, there is a crucial need for drug-free production of foods. Useful strategies include environmental, immunological, and genetic approaches; feed additives are recent attitudes involving probiotics, synbiotics, organic acids, phytobiotics as essential oils, antioxidants, and nanobiotics (nanoparticles). A combination of such additives is a recent useful trend. Transgenic Eimeria parasite could fill in the gap in the control of chicken coccidiosis as an efficient anticoccidial vaccine with improved protective efficacy using multiple vaccine antigens. Alternatives justify further studies as therapeutic or prophylactic anticoccidial agents. Full biological and toxicology profiles are crucial for the promising materials which deserve to be applied on a larger scale.
Pesticides are widely used in agricultural advancement sector of entire world for increasing crop yield. However, its exposure is not limited only to target organisms instead it is affecting various non-target organisms among which fish being the most prominent one. In severe cases acute amount of various pesticides caused death of fish while lethal changes observed in case of lower amount of these pesticides. Changes in hematological parameters like red blood cells, white blood cells or plasma and serum level alterations leading to histological changes involving liver, kidneys, gills, muscles, brain, intestine in many species of fish exposed to different pesticides. Moreover, genotoxicity was also observed in many cases induced by different categories of pesticides. Extensive and continuous usage of these toxicants affecting the aquatic systems at severe level as a result getting bio-accumulated in food chain. This article emphasized over the pesticidal induced hematological and serum level alterations observed in fish.
Fungal contamination of crops and production of toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) are the inevitable issues throughout the world, mainly in the developing countries. These toxins associated with adverse effects on animals, humans and crops, result in health issues and economic losses. The major mycotoxins that have agro-economic importance are aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, zearalenone and trichothecenes. These toxins are produced by different types of molds that contaminate crops under favorable conditions and become the part of animal and human diet. Several studies have described their hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, toxigenic and mutagenic characteristics, and most mycotoxins represent a considerable risk to animal and human life. Compound stomach animals show some resistance against mycotoxicosis as compared to monogastric animals due to capability of rumen microbiota to degrade mycotoxins. The adverse effects of mycotoxins in humans include hepatocellular carcinoma, Reye's syndrome, Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), immunosuppression, abdominal pain, neural tube defects, infertility and retarded growth in children. This review describes different types of mycotoxins and their adverse effects on animal species and humans by keeping in mind the One-Health aspect.
Nowadays, poultry production has high demand worldwide. For this purpose, performance parameters are maximized, for example, fast-growing of chicken with low usage of feed and with the better health status of the flock. This increasing demand has led to the use of many antibiotic-free products. There is an increased pressure to decrease the amount of antibiotics used as bacteriostatic or bactericidal agents for poultry, so there is an utmost need for unconventional resolutions to sustain the productivity and efficacy of poultry. Among the substitutions, essential oils (EOs) have a prodigious potential and are usually thought to be natural, free from hazardous deposits and chemicals, and less toxic. EOs are plant-based extracts, and there are about 3,000 known EOs, out of which 300 are identified as useful and commercially important. It is proven that EOs have abundant in vitro and in vivo research to yield special effects on numerous pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The current review provides information on the fundamentals of EOs, the anti-oxidation and immunomodulatory characteristics, the growth-promoting effects, and the activities of EOs against a variety of pathogens in animals/poultry.
Intestinal parasitosis is a significant health problem for animal husbandry, leading to economic losses. In the treatment of helminths, synthetic anthelmintics have long been used. However, cases of parasitic resistance to these anthelmintics have been reported worldwide. Solutions have been proposed to solve this problem. Among them is the use of medicinal plants with anthelmintic properties. This work suggests synthesizing the work carried out on evaluating the anthelmintic properties of medicinal plants used to treat intestinal parasitosis of small ruminants. According to the results of the ethnobotanical surveys reported, several medicinal plants are used by the populations to treat intestinal parasitosis of small ruminants. Evaluations of the anthelmintic properties in vitro and or in vivo of some of them have confirmed their potential to be used as an alternative for controlling intestinal parasitosis. However, these results obtained depend on the organ of the species used, the type of extract, and the application dose. Tannins, flavonoids, and essential oils are the secondary metabolites responsible for the anthelmintic activity of these medicinal plants with anthelmintic potential. The efficacy of a plant extract (or powder) also depends on the parasite used in the tests. The results of previous studies confirm the use of medicinal plants in the fight against intestinal parasitosis.
Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a novel emerging pathogen contaminated extensively in animal feed and food chains, posing a huge economic loss for animal industry and high risk for human health. This pathogen is a robust omnipresent heat resistant spore former, able to form biofilm and isolated from different environments such as food and atmosphere that occur all year round without any particular geographic distribution. The potential of survival for B. cereus spores in unfavorable conditions pose a considerable threat to food safety and also cause economic losses to the food industry. B. cereus aggravates acute diarrhea and malnourishment in poultry by inducing gizzard erosion and ulceration (GEU). It will facilitate persistent other bacterial infection in the lungs via damaging gastric intestine tract. Also, it can cause serious food safety because it seems difficult to fully prevent their presence in food. It may cause gastrointestinal diseases that trigger emetic and diarrheal symptoms as well as general and local infections related to the respiratory tracts of immunologically threatened individual and newborns. B. cereus produces a wide range of potential virulence factors, including heat stable/labile toxins (cerulide, NHE, HBL, CytK, Ent-FM, bc-D-ENT, CLO, HlyII, HlyIII) and tissue-destructive enzymes (PI-PLC, PC-PLC, SMase, ?-lactamase, InhA1, NprA), but their roles and molecular mechanism in specific infections have not been clarified yet. This review provided a historical record of possible risk factors and pathogenesis of animal industry and highlights the implications for animal industry and food safety by ingestion of the feed-borne Bacillus cereus.
Agro-aquatic ecosystems are mainly and persistently exposed to various unwanted chemicals and pollutants due to indiscriminate use of agrochemicals such as pesticides, insecticides, heavy metals, germicides, drug residues, industrial wastes, and feed additives. Randomly kept 16 active fish (bighead carp) in four unlike groups (A to D). Blood and serum were collected on days 5, 10, and 15 of the experiment. Five fish from each group were slaughtered on day 15 of the trial to study histopathological alterations. Mild to moderate different physical ailments like jerking movement, erratic swimming, and mucous secretion from the mouth of fish kept in group D were observed after day 10 of post-exposure. Significantly, lower erythrocyte count, Hb, and hematocrit values while increased values of total white blood cells and neutrophil counts were recorded in fish of groups (C-D). Results on serum chemistry showed a significantly increased quantity of liver function tests (ALT and AST), renal functional tests (urea and creatinine), and cardiac biomarkers. Results on micronuclei and comet assay indicated an increased frequency of DNA damage. The frequency of nuclear and morphological variations in RBCs of fish of group (D) significantly increased compared to the control group. Results on microscopic levels exhibited different histopathological alterations in gills like twisting of secondary lamellae, uplifting of lamellae, lamellar disorganization, and necrosis of lamellar epithelial cells. In the liver, congestion, necrosis of hepatocytes, fatty infiltration, and brain necrosis and atrophy of neurons. Kidneys showed necrosis of tubules, increased urinary spaces, tubular necrosis in treated fish in groups (C-D) after day 10 of post-exposure. From the findings of our experimental research, we can suggest that triclosan causes toxic effects in bighead carp.
Synthetic drugs are mostly used for the control and prevention of parasitic ailments in ruminants. However, the resource-poor people of developing countries use herbal medicines to treat their animals. Ethnoveterinary medicine along with its huge beneficial effects also prevents the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to validate the efficacy of these medicinal plants scientifically for their future use to control endoparasitic infections. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the in vitrobanthelmintic effects of two indigenous plant extracts namely Azadirachta (A.) indica and Melia (M.) azedarach. The essential oils (EOs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of these two plants were obtained from their seeds and leaves by hydro-distillation and centrifugation techniques. Their effects were studied by performing the egg hatch assay (EHA) and adult motility assay (AMA) against Haemonchus contortus. The results of their efficacy were analyzed using Probit analysis. In our study, EO and NP of M. azedarachbresulted in a 50% reduction of egg hatching in EHA at 0.209 and 0.204µL/L, and for A. indica at 0.456 and 0.184µL/L respectively. Essential oils and AgNPs of A. indica and M. azedarach were found to be effective in AMA at 0.036, 0.362, 0.305, and 0.032µL/L respectively. Further studies are still required to know more about their effectiveness against different parasitic stages.
Poultry industry is growing day by day and it is a major and cheap source of animal protein for human beings. Various bacteria cause serious illness and variety of diseases in poultry birds. The use of tetracycline antibiotics has been increased 4 times in recent years to treat such diseases, leading to the development of drug resistant bacteria in veterinary medicine. This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance profile of tetracycline in avian Escherichia coli strains isolated from free ranging chickens of Anhui province, China. For this purpose, disk diffusion method was used to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains (n=203) against tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline. However, PCR analysis was utilized for detection of the tetracycline resistant genes; tetA, tetB, tetC, tetG and tetM. The overall frequency of phenotypic resistance was 29.1%, which was highest to tetracycline (14.3%), followed by minocycline (6.9%), and doxycycline (7.9%). Whereas the genotypic resistance rate was 24.1%, which include 10.3%, 7.9%, 4.4%, 1.0% and 0.5% resistance rate of tetA, tetG, tetC, tetA + tetC + tetG, and tetA + tetC genes, respectively. Conversely, no isolates were positive for the tetB and tetM genes. The rate of phenotypic resistance (29.1%) was almost in line with genotypic resistance rate (24.1%). Our study demonstrates that chickens are not important contributors to bacterial resistance in an extensive farming system. As such, restrictions on the use of antibiotics could prevent the emergence of resistant pathogens. Furthermore, this is first study of the occurrence of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains in free ranging chickens of Anhui province, China.
Parasitic foodborne illnesses continue to pose a worldwide health problem, particularly in areas where people have limited access to medical services. The drawbacks of traditional pharmaceutical treatments, such as the development of drug resistance and negative health effects, require the investigation into alternative remedies. Medicinal plants, which have a long tradition in healing methods, are being seen as potentially valuable for addressing this problem. These plants contain a wide range of biologically active substances such as alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids, which possess strong anti-parasitic properties. Though, there are obstacles to be faced in the process of incorporating medicinal plants into modern medicine. To guarantee the safety and effectiveness of these natural remedies, it is crucial to have standardization, quality control and regulatory measures in place. We highlight the value of medicinal plants in addressing foodborne diseases caused by parasites and emphasize the importance of ongoing research and partnership between traditional and modern medicine. This article explores the potential use of medicinal plants to treat parasitic foodborne diseases. It examines their historical usage, how they work and their proven effectiveness. It ensures that diverse populations can access effective treatments, thus promoting global health equity. In order to address the obstacles associated with medicinal plant-based therapies, it is imperative to expand research efforts and integrate traditional knowledge into modern healthcare practices to facilitate advancements in the field. Through this process, we can effectively harness the capabilities of medicinal plants, promoting overall health and well-being on a global scale in the continuous battle against parasitic infections.