Usama Usman , Ammara Khaliq , Fehmeeda Akram , Haseeb Afzal and Sana Aziz *
University of Jhang, Jhang, Pakistan
*Corresponding author: sana.aziz1994@gmail.com
Probiotics, such as Bacillus spp., have been found to have beneficial effects in animal and human nutrition when used in the right amount. When fed to aquatic animals, Bacillus spp. acts as non-pathogenic probiotics and are widely known for their numerous benefits in aquaculture. These benefits include enhancing the immune system, improving growth performance, controlling diseases, and optimizing reproductive and digestive health in tilapia. Bacillus spp. is particularly suitable as probiotics because they can produce antimicrobial agents and have the sporulation capacity to survive in harsh environments. This review explores the significant role of Bacillus probiotics in cultivating Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The article delves into the mechanisms by which Bacillus probiotics exert these beneficial effects, including enhanced phagocytosis, stress reduction, and disease control. Additionally, the review addresses critical factors influencing the efficacy of Bacillus probiotics, such as strain selection, dosage, environmental conditions, supplementation duration, feed composition, and water quality. Despite the promising benefits, challenges still need to be addressed in the consistent application and optimization of these probiotics in aquaculture. It highlights future research directions, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the interactions between Bacillus probiotics and their host organisms to improve their practical application in tilapia culture.